{"id":290,"date":"2025-01-26T14:28:15","date_gmt":"2025-01-26T14:28:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/daotaotmp.online\/?p=290"},"modified":"2025-01-27T14:04:46","modified_gmt":"2025-01-27T14:04:46","slug":"tam-ly-hoc-va-khoa-hoc-hanh-vi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/daotaotmp.online\/?p=290","title":{"rendered":"T\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Khoa h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh vi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

1. L\u1eddi ti\u00ean tri t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fang<\/strong><\/h2><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Rosenthal \u2013 nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: \u00d4ng chia m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m chu\u1ed9t b\u1ea1ch th\u00e0nh hai nh\u00f3m A v\u00e0 B, n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u00f3m A r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ch\u00fa chu\u1ed9t n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng minh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u00f3m B r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed l\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c nh\u1eefng ch\u00fa chu\u1ed9t n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4i. M\u1ea5y th\u00e1ng sau, \u00f4ng cho hai nh\u00f3m chu\u1ed9t n\u00e0y l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m ki\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua m\u00ea cung v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u00f3m A th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n nh\u00f3m B, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ra kh\u1ecfi m\u00ea cung t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d4ng ngh\u0129: Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng? Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u00f4ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 khoanh tr\u00f2n v\u00e0i c\u00e1i t\u00ean h\u1ecdc sinh trong b\u1ea3ng danh s\u00e1ch, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00f3 r\u1eb1ng: Nh\u1eefng em n\u00e0y tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 r\u1ea5t cao, r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng minh. Qua m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 t\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra: nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ch\u1ecdn th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i x\u1ea3y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y? \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea7y ma l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u \u201c\u00e1m th\u1ecb\u201d th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 \u00e1m th\u1ecb t\u00e2m l\u00fd th\u1ebf n\u00e0y hay th\u1ebf kia, nh\u1eefng \u00e1m th\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 \u00e1m th\u1ecb n\u00e0o l\u00e2u d\u00e0i th\u00ec k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 lo\u1ea1i \u00e1m th\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng qu\u00e1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/strong><\/h2><\/div>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e1c gia n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u2013 Mark Twain c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n nghe m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 gi\u1ea3ng trong nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, \u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 gi\u1ea3ng r\u1ea5t hay, r\u1ea5t c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u00f4ng d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd quy\u00ean g\u00f3p ti\u1ec1n. Nh\u01b0ng qua 10 ph\u00fat, m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a gi\u1ea3ng xong, \u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 ch\u00fat m\u1ea5t ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn n\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd quy\u00ean g\u00f3p ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t \u00edt ti\u1ec1n l\u1ebb th\u00f4i. Qua th\u00eam 10 ph\u00fat n\u1eefa, m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3ng, th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u00f4ng suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng quy\u00ean g\u00f3p n\u1eefa. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201chi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng qu\u00e1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 khi b\u1ecb k\u00edch th\u00edch qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u, qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng qu\u00e1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c gia \u0111\u00ecnh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 khi \u0111\u1ee9a con ph\u1ea1m l\u1ed7i, b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee9 nh\u1eafc \u0111i nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f9ng l\u1eddi khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ee9a con t\u1eeb bu\u1ed3n b\u00e3 b\u1ea5t an chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u1ea5t ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ch\u00e1n gh\u00e9t. M\u1ed9t khi b\u1ecb \u201cb\u1ee9c\u201d qu\u00e1 th\u00ec s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng ki\u1ec3u \u201cl\u1ea7n sau m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m v\u1eady\u201d. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, s\u1ef1 khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 d\u00e0nh cho con c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean \u201cph\u1ea1m l\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n\u201d. Cho d\u00f9 mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9, c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec tr\u1ebb m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u1ee9 b\u1ecb \u201cgi\u1eef m\u00e3i kh\u00f4ng bu\u00f4ng\u201d m\u00e0 sinh ra t\u00e2m l\u00fd ch\u00e1n gh\u00e9t, ph\u1ea3n ngh\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng v\u1eady, mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian, v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t, v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Westerners<\/strong><\/h2><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Westerners \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u truy\u1ec7n ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m tr\u1ebb con ch\u01a1i \u0111\u00f9a huy\u00ean n\u00e1o su\u1ed1t ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eeda nh\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng l\u00e3o. M\u1ea5y ng\u00e0y qua \u0111i, \u00f4ng l\u00e3o kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa, \u00f4ng b\u00e8n cho m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb 10 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 n\u00f3i: \u201cC\u00e1c ch\u00e1u \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y th\u1eadt n\u00e1o nhi\u1ec7t, l\u00e0m cho \u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh tr\u1ebb l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, ti\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1edfng cho c\u00e1c ch\u00e1u\u201d. B\u1ecdn tr\u1ebb r\u1ea5t vui, h\u00f4m sau l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u00f4ng l\u00e3o ch\u1ec9 cho m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ee9a 5 \u0111\u1ed3ng. B\u1ecdn tr\u1ebb v\u1eabn th\u00edch th\u00fa \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u01a1i ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau, l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u00f4ng l\u00e3o ch\u1ec9 cho m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ee9a 2 \u0111\u1ed3ng. V\u1eady l\u00e0 b\u1ecdn tr\u1ebb t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn b\u1ea3o \u201cC\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2 \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft b\u1ecdn ch\u00e1u ch\u01a1i \u0111\u00f9a c\u0169ng m\u1ec7t l\u1eafm kh\u00f4ng!\u201d. Sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec b\u1ecdn tr\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eeda nh\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u00e3o ch\u01a1i n\u1eefa. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e3o r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 b\u00ean trong \u201cch\u01a1i v\u00ec ni\u1ec1m vui c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh\u201d t\u1eeb b\u1ecdn tr\u1ebb tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u201cch\u01a1i v\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ec1n\u201d. V\u00e0 khi \u00f4ng l\u00e3o thao t\u00fang nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i n\u00e0y th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 thao t\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn tr\u1ebb.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Westerners c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi con c\u00e1i: \u201cN\u1ebfu l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y con thi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 10 \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00ec b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 s\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1edfng 100 ng\u00e0n\u201d, \u201cN\u1ebfu con thi \u0111\u1ee9ng trong top 5 th\u00ec b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 s\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1edfng con m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i m\u1edbi\u201d v.v. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3m \u0111i. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Gi\u00f3 Nam<\/strong><\/h2><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gia ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u2013 Jean de La Fontaine: Gi\u00f3 B\u1eafc v\u00e0 Gi\u00f3 Nam thi uy l\u1ef1c v\u1edbi nhau xem ai th\u1ed5i r\u01a1i \u00e1o kho\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 Gi\u00f3 B\u1eafc th\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng lu\u1ed3ng gi\u00f3 th\u1eadt l\u1ea1nh, l\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea5u x\u01b0\u01a1ng, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e0ng qu\u1ea5n \u00e1o ch\u1eb7t h\u01a1n. Gi\u00f3 Nam b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb t\u1ed1n lay \u0111\u1ed9ng, gi\u00f3 th\u1eadt d\u1ecbu v\u00e0 \u00e1nh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi th\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb9p khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp, v\u1eady l\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u1edfi \u00e1o kho\u00e1c ra \u0111\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea5y. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng Gi\u00f3 Nam chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u00f3 Nam trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n s\u1edf d\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1eadn theo nhu c\u1ea7u n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd sinh ra do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u mu\u1ed1n th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n m\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201chi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Gi\u00f3 Nam\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng th\u00f9ng g\u1ed7<\/strong><\/h2><\/div>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y? M\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc th\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea3nh g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh g\u1ed7 n\u00e0y d\u00e0i ng\u1eafn kh\u00e1c nhau th\u00ec b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong th\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh g\u1ed7 d\u00e0i m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7y l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ec1u cao c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed7 m\u1ea3nh g\u1ed7 ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00e0nh t\u00edch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp chung c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc th\u00f9ng g\u1ed7 v\u1eady, th\u00e0nh t\u00edch m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng g\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 gh\u00e9p th\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfc th\u00f9ng. S\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong th\u00e0nh t\u00edch t\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc (m\u1ea3nh g\u1ed7 d\u00e0i) \u1edf v\u00e0i m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 n\u00ean ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u1edf t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u1ec9nh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1eafc x\u00edch y\u1ebfu (m\u1ea3nh g\u1ed7 ng\u1eafn). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec? M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xem nh\u1eb9 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. B\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n m\u1ed9t ai \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n h\u01a1n th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00e0 qu\u00ean \u0111i s\u1edf \u0111o\u1ea3n hay t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u, cho d\u00f9 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00ec. B\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh g\u1ed7 ng\u1eafn \u0111i th\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0m n\u01b0\u1edbc trong c\u1ea3 th\u00f9ng ch\u1ea3y ra ngo\u00e0i.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Hawthorne<\/strong><\/h2><\/div>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng Hawthorne n\u1eb1m \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 bang Chicago (M\u1ef9), c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean n\u00f3ng gi\u1eadn b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh cho n\u00ean t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho l\u1eafm. Sau \u0111\u00f3, chuy\u00ean gia t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m: Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian 2 n\u0103m, v\u1ecb chuy\u00ean gia n\u00e0y c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n ri\u00eang v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 20.000 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n, v\u1ecb chuy\u00ean gia s\u1ebd nh\u1eabn n\u1ea1i l\u1eafng nghe m\u1ecdi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng. Cu\u1ed9c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edd: s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eafc m\u1eafc ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Sau khi h\u1ecd \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i\u201d th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n khi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t ti\u1ebft ra, h\u1ecd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu v\u00e0 nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng t\u0103ng gi\u1ea3m<\/strong><\/h2><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y trong giao ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9: B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 y\u00eau th\u00edch, \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u00ecnh \u201ckh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng t\u0103ng l\u00ean\u201d ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201ckh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng gi\u1ea3m \u0111i\u201d. <\/em>L\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m l\u00fd n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, trong khi c\u00e2n m\u00f3n h\u00e0ng h\u1ecd lu\u00f4n l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00ean c\u00e2n r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u201cth\u00eam v\u00e0o th\u00eam v\u00e0o\u201d cho \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ngay r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u201cb\u1edbt ra b\u1edbt ra\u201d, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u1ea3 hai c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n nh\u01b0ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u201cth\u00eam v\u00e0o\u201d s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi ch\u00fang ta ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t ai \u0111\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh \u201ckhen tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00ea sau\u201d. K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1eafm, t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n h\u1ebft l\u00e0 h\u00e3y ch\u1ec9 ra cho h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i h\u1ecd m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u201cth\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3\u201d m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf h\u1ecd s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp thu nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa h\u01a1n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khen ch\u00ea c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u \u00fd. Khen nhi\u1ec1u l\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u00ea \u00edt h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng b\u01b0\u01a1m b\u01b0\u1edbm<\/strong><\/h2><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Theo nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y, nh\u1eefng kh\u00ed l\u01b0u y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con b\u01b0\u01a1m b\u01b0\u1edbm t\u00ecnh c\u1edd v\u1ed7 c\u00e1nh \u1edf Nam b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c th\u00ec sau v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn v\u00f2i r\u1ed3ng \u1edf bang Texas (M\u1ef9)! <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u201chi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng b\u01b0\u01a1m b\u01b0\u1edbm\u201d v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00fd lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 sau: M\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf n\u1ebfu tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 tham d\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c th\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh s\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta r\u1eb1ng: \u0110\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd xem th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ecf b\u00e9. M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u00f3i, m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi nh\u1ecf n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, c\u00f2n n\u1ebfu sai l\u1ec7ch, v\u00f5 \u0111o\u00e1n th\u00ec \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u0169ng l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

9. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/h2><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Trong th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn 2, M\u1ef9 do binh l\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n trong ng\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0a ra ti\u1ec1n tuy\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u. M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1eb7c ph\u00e1i v\u00e0i chuy\u00ean gia t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 theo h\u1ecd c\u00f9ng ra ti\u1ec1n tuy\u1ebfn. Trong th\u1eddi gian hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e1o r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 b\u1eaft m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd m\u1ed7i tu\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u1ed9i dung trong th\u01b0 do nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh, thu\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng: bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n trong ng\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v.v. Nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecd vi\u1ebft th\u1eadt t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 r\u1ed3i g\u1eedi \u0111i. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau 3 th\u00e1ng, c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n ra ti\u1ec1n tuy\u1ebfn, nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd l\u1ea1i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecd trong th\u01b0 vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng ch\u1ec9 huy nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m ra sao v.v. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i binh t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 thua k\u00e9m binh l\u00ednh th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5. H\u1ecd tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u1ed1ng y nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec trong th\u01b0 h\u1ecd vi\u1ebft. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201chi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u\u201d, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u201chi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng \u00e1m th\u1ecb\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

10. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0o<\/h2><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: Khi b\u1ea1n nh\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1, n\u1ebfu v\u1eeba m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra y\u00eau c\u1ea7u qu\u00e1 cao th\u00ec r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb c\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0a ra y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u1ecf th\u00f4i, sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd h\u00e3y t\u0103ng th\u00eam y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u00ec s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau h\u01a1n. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201chi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0o\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c con c\u00e1i trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh. H\u00e3y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1ea5p th\u00f4i, khi tr\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang r\u1ed3i, h\u00e3y cho ch\u00fang s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u d\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00edch l\u1ec7, th\u1ebf th\u00ec nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn tr\u1ebb vui v\u1ebb th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u01a1n. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

1. L\u1eddi ti\u00ean tri t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fang Robert Rosenthal \u2013 nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0m 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